A Review of Open Defecation (OD) In Indonesia and The Control with Logic Model

@#In 2015, Indonesia was ranked as the second-highest, with a percentage of 12.9%. Open Defecation Free (ODF) in Indonesia is still a problem, 33 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia are still not 100% verified as ODF. The purpose of this study is to make a management control of OD behaviour in Indonesia. This study’s literature was collected using Google Scholar and Pubmed search engines by entering keywords open defecation Indonesia, and buang air besar sembarangan. From review of published literature, it is found that several factors cause people to practice OD, namely environmental, socio-cultural, and economic factors. These factors become the basis for making OD model control with a logic model. The program was made with a button-up approach carried out through several activities, namely approaches to community leaders, youth, and local communities, monitoring potential areas for OD practice and cross-sector coordination, and making regional regulations.

Sick Building Syndrome among Office Workers in relation to Office Environment and Indoor Air Pollutant at an Academic Institution, Malaysia

Abstract@#Introduction: Good indoor air quality (IAQ) is important for workers’ well-being whilst simultaneously optimize work productivity and job performance of the workers in an office. This study aims to determine the association between the sick building syndrome (SBS) in relation to the personal factors, indoor office environment and indoor air pollutants at an academic institution in Malaysia. Methods: A total of 342 office workers; made up of 188 (55%) female and 154 male (45%), from 14 different office buildings; made up of administrative, faculties, centers, institutes and school, participated in this study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to determine symptoms related to SBS. Real time readings of IAQ parameters were conducted three times daily for 15 minutes /sampling point. Results: Results showed higher prevalence of the SBS symptoms generally among women; diagnosed asthma was positively associated with mucosal symptoms; current smoking was significantly associated with skin symptoms; and centralized air conditioning system, the use of photocopiers, printers or fax machines for more than 1 hour per day and installation of a new carpet in the office environment were significant risk factors of SBS. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, formaldehyde, ultrafine particle and total volatile organic compounds were significantly associated with mucosal symptoms. Conclusion: Demographic characteristics, indoor office environment and indoor air pollutants were significant risk factors of SBS among workers in this study. It is highly recommended to maintain good housekeeping and to isolate printers and photocopier machines from the main workplace since both were sources of particulates.

The Chromosomal DNA Damage in Buccal Mucosa Cells among Schools Children in The Vicinity Of Mobile Base Stations in Selangor

Abstract@#Introduction: The increased use of mobile phones has increased the mobile base stations (MBS) deployment. While understanding of radiation protection is growing among the public, questions regarding early-life exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) from MBS in children are of importance as to whether it will raise the chances of developing chronic diseases during adulthood. Taking into account the sitting location of MBS, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the chromosomal DNA damage in buccal mucosal cells between school children exposed to RFR emitted from base station antennas. Method: This is a comparative cross-sectional study in which two group of school children were sampled i.e. exposed groups are children whose school located near MBS (≤200 meters); unexposed groups are children whose school located distant far from the MBS (>200 meters). Digital RF Analyzer was used to measure RFR at the school surrounding. Buccal mucosa cells from the oral cavity were sampled to examine the level of micronuclei (MN) frequencies. Results: This study found that the densities of the RFR energy differed in range. Although all measurements showed the RFR reading below the acceptable exposure level, there were still significant variations at each location assessed. Statistically, the MN frequency is significantly different when compared to the exposed and non-exposed group. Conclusion: To understand the mechanism of health effects from exposure to low-level RFR emited from MBS, further study should consider environmental factors influencing MBS sitting on RFR emission, as well as examining the health effects into molecular levels.

School Indoor Air Quality and Health Risk on the Junior High Schools Students in Depok, Indonesia

PM2.5; PM10; carbon dioxide; Formaldehyde; School health@#1 Graduate Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Jawa Barat, Indonesia 2 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Jawa Barat, Indonesia 3 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia

The Influence of Work Factors on Reproductive Health of Female Workers in Sidoarjo Industrial Area, Indonesia

Abstract@#Introduction: Female workers have different abilities and physiology to male workers. Thus, female workers are very sensitive to some hazards in workplace environment. The existing hazards in work environment can cause various effects towards pregnancy among female workers. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of work factors including shift work, work attitude, and work duration on reproductive health. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study. The number of research sample was 109 female workers selected by simple random sampling. The respondents were female workers in plastic and soft drink industry in Sidoarjo. Primary data was collected by using questionnaires. The dependent variable was the reproductive health of female workers. Reproductive health status of female workers includes menstrual disorders and pregnancy disorders. The independent variables included work pattern, work duration, and shift work. Results: The percentage of respondents who were married was 81.7%. The percentage of respondents experiencing reproductive disorders was 63.3% in which 60.6% cases were menstrual disorders and 20.2% cases were pregnancy disorders. The results of logistic regression test showed that reproductive health during pregnancy was affected by shift work (p=0.007). Conclusion: Female workers who worked in the evening and at night shift had high risks of pregnancy disorders and miscarriage than female workers who worked at normal working hours. Working in shifts and the irregular working hours also associated with the miscarriage occurence. Companies need to provide protection for pregnant workers in order to avoid irregular shift work and evening or night shift.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in Preschools and Its Association with Respiratory Inflammation among Pre-schoolers

Abstract@#Introduction: Children spend most of the time indoors and make them easily exposed to indoor air contaminants. Exposure to poor indoor air quality has led to various health problem especially, respiratory-related illness. This study is intended to determine the relationship between indoor air pollutants exposure and the airway inflammation among children aged 5 to 6 years old in selected preschools from mid-2015 until mid-2016. Methods: Four hours of indoor air quality assessment had been conducted at six preschools in Puchong district (urban area) and six preschools in Hulu Langat district (suburban area) of Selangor. The respiratory inflammation among 120 healthy preschool children had been assessed using non-invasive biomarker of Fractional Exhale Nitric Oxide (FeNO). Meanwhile, respiratory symptoms and information on possible residential air pollutant exposures were obtained from a standardized questionnaire. Results: The indoor air quality measurement demonstrated significant high concentration air pollutants (PM0.1, PM2.5, PM10, VOCs) at the preschools in the urban as compared to preschools in the suburban area(p < 0.05). Besides, PM2.5 was found to be significantly associated with respiratory inflammation (FeNO value) measured (p<0.05). Conclusion: The exposure of PM0.1, PM2.5, and PM10 had increased occurrences of respiratory inflammation and respiratory symptoms among susceptible populations like children.

Association of Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 with DNA Damage in Exfoliated Buccal Mucosa Cells among Primary School Children Living Nearby Palm Oil Activity at Semenyih, Selangor

Abstract@#Introduction: Exposure of PM2.5 and PM10 released from combustion of biomass activity caused respiratory health among children. Objective: This study aims to determine the association between exposure of PM2.5 and PM10 with DNA damage in primary school children living nearby palm oil combustion activity at Semenyih. Methods: A cross sectional comparative study were conducted among Malay primary school children in school A located 2.7km from palm oil activity (N=82) and school B located about 40km away from the palm oil area (N=85). A standardized questionnaire were distributed to respondent’s parents. Concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were measured by using Dust Trak DRX Aerosol Monitor Model 8534 and Escort LC Personal Sampling Pump. Measurement of indoor and outdoor air pollutants were conducted in schools and home. Buccal cells were collected, which then followed by micronucleus assay. Results: Concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 at home of studied group were significantly higher compared to comparative group with p value (p=0.007) and (p=0.018) respectively. PM10 and PM2.5 of studied schools were significantly higher compared to comparative schools with p value (p=0.014) and (p=0.04) respectively. MN frequencies of studied group were significantly higher compared to comparative group (p=0.001). Significant difference of respiratory symptoms were found between two groups which are cough, phlegm, wheezing and chest tightness (p=0.001). There were significant correlation between PM10 with MN frequency of studied group and comparative group with r= 0.562; p=0.001. Conclusion: This study indicated that the exposure of PM10 and PM2.5 would increase the risk of having respiratory health symptoms and might induce the micronuclei formation among children who lived near palm oil activity area.

Association of pm10 and pm2.5 exposure with respiratory health of the children living near palm oil mill, dengkil

Waste and by-products form palm oil trees are versatile and can be used as biomass fuel, but the processes of producing electricity by using low pressure boilers are causing air pollution. The objective of this study is to determine the association between PM10 and PM2.5 exposure with respiratory symptoms and lung function among children living near to palm oil mill. A cross- Sectional comparative study was carried out among school children at Dengkil and Kerling. Questionnaires adopted from ATS-DLD-78-C were distributed to the respondents’ parents. PM10 and PM2.5 was measured. Lung function of the respondents was evaluated by using Chest Graph Spirometer; results were compared with standards of lung function, by ATS (1991). There was a significant difference for Mean±SD PM10 and PM2.5 in studied and comparative area, (p<0.05). There were significant association between PM10 with wheezing and cough (PR=5.220, CI%=1.030-26.453) and (PR=3.289 CI%=1.074-10.072). The study indicates that the lung function of; FEV1 % (t=-4.54, p=0.001) and FEV1/FVC % (t=-7.00, p=0.001) were lower among studied group compared to the comparative group. Results also showed that there is a significant inverse correlation between PM2.5 and FVC% (r=-0.352, p=0.0226). The need for palm oil mill management to evaluate the effectiveness of their implemented control measure seems to be very important, as black soot emitted from boilers stack is believed to contain high level of. The high efficiency biomass boiler and the used of fabric filters should be considered if the implemented control measure is not functioning effectively.